DISCUSSION

“Epilepsy (from the Ancient Greek ἐπιληψία (epilēpsía) — "to seize") is a common chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. These seizures are transient signs and/or symptoms of abnormal, excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. About 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, with almost 90% of these people being in developing countries. Epilepsy is more likely to occur in young children, or people over the age of 65 years, however it can occur at any time. As a consequence of brain surgery epileptic seizures may occur in recovering patients.”

“Epilepsy is usually controlled, but cannot be cured with medication, although surgery may be considered in difficult cases. However, over 30% of people with epilepsy do not have seizure control even with the best available medications. Not all epilepsy syndromes are lifelong – some forms are confined to particular stages of childhood. Epilepsy should not be understood as a single disorder, but rather as syndromic with vastly divergent symptoms but all involving episodic abnormal electrical activity in the brain.”

“Epilepsies are classified in five ways:
1. By their first cause (or etiology).
2. By the observable manifestations of the seizures, known as semiology.
3. By the location in the brain where the seizures originate.
4. As a part of discrete, identifiable medical syndromes.
5. By the event that triggers the seizures, as in primary reading epilepsy or musicogenic epilepsy. “

“In 1981, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) proposed a classification scheme for individual seizures that remains in common use. This classification is based on observation (clinical and EEG) rather than the underlying pathophysiology or anatomy and is outlined later on in this article. In 1989, the ILAE proposed a classification scheme for epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. This can be broadly described as a two-axis scheme having the cause on one axis and the extent of localization within the brain on the other. Since 1997, the ILAE have been working on a new scheme that has five axes:
1. ictal phenomenon,(pertaining to an epileptic seizure)
2. seizure type,
3. syndrome,
4. etiology,
5. impairment.”
Based on the quotes , the writer opinion are epilepsy is one of disease is causes of brain , unwell brain , when your brain system unbalance , you get sudennly attack and it makes hurt. You lost your control and fall . as we know this disease is can be happen for everyone not only child but mature also. the suddenly attack causes of your neurological system. Once your brain system damage , it make your destroy for after . in the world many people get epilepsy , this case often happen in developing countries 90 % with 50 million people not except uk . although epilepsy is not often in uk but many people used to be has. For the solution the serious epilepsy people can through the brain surgeon.
Epilepsy is common to control but not always with medicine , although you already has been with surgeon but still difficult to solve. Furthermore over 30% people is not can be already health although they are take a suitable medicine , why ? because not each epilepsy syndrom get longlife , some of them was died when child. Really its so sad but at list we already has been take treatment before.
Epilepsy is hard to understand for people who is get it. Why ? because there are so crowded system into brain but its different with other syndrom for different sign into activity brain.
Epilepsies are divided into five case :
1 By the first cause or etiology
2 By the semiology
3 By the seizure originates
4 By the medical syndrom
5 By the musicogenic epilepsy

In 1981 “International League Against Epilepsy” or ILAE announcement about the information epilepsy seizure common use . there are five things , based on observation and pathophysicology. In 1989 ILAE annoucement about the epilepsies and epilepsies syndrom , there are :
1. ictal phenomenon,(pertaining to an epileptic seizure)
2. Seizure types
3. Syndrome
4. Etiology
5. Impairment
CAUSES
“The diagnosis of epilepsy usually requires that the seizures occur spontaneously. Nevertheless, certain epilepsy syndromes require particular precipitants or triggers for seizures to occur. These are termed reflex epilepsy. For example, patients with primary reading epilepsy have seizures triggered by reading. Photosensitive epilepsy can be limited to seizures triggered by flashing lights. Other precipitants can trigger an epileptic seizure in patients who otherwise would be susceptible to spontaneous seizures. For example, children with childhood absence epilepsy may be susceptible to hyperventilation. In fact, flashing lights and hyperventilation are activating procedures used in clinical EEG to help trigger seizures to aid diagnosis. Finally, other precipitants can facilitate, rather than obligately trigger, seizures in susceptible individuals. Emotional stress, sleep deprivation, sleep itself, heat stress, alcohol and febrile illness are examples of precipitants cited by patients with epilepsy. Notably, the influence of various precipitants varies with the epilepsy syndrome. Likewise, the menstrual cycle in women with epilepsy can influence patterns of seizure recurrence. Catamenial epilepsy is the term denoting seizures linked to the menstrual cycle”
“Occasionally (in approximately 30% of cases) the cause of epilepsy is known, in which case it is called 'symptomatic epilepsy'. Common causes are brain damage (resulting from a head injury or the brain being starved of oxygen), scarring of the brain tissue, a tumour, or chemical / hormonal imbalances. Some types of epilepsy are inherited, and Epilepsy Research UK is funding a lot of research to discover the exact genes responsible. For example :
Dr Kate Everett, at University College London, is trying to pinpoint one of the culprit genes for childhood absence.”
“In addition, Epilepsy Research UK arranges technical workshops and scientific meetings to encourage collaboration between researchers. We work closely with other epilepsy charities to ensure that epilepsy is recognised in Government health and social care policy.”
“Developments in drug therapy and medical scanning, along with major breakthroughs in the study of the human genome, mean that great progress has been made in understanding the causes of epilepsy in recent years. These are exciting times in epilepsy research and Epilepsy Research UK is proud to be supporting some of the key researchers in the UK, who are pushing forward our knowledge of epilepsy. Even greater advances will be made in the coming years and the research that we fund will be at the forefront of developments to control, and perhaps even cure, epilepsy. “
EFFECTS
“Effectiveness - The definition of "effective" varies. FDA-approval usually requires that 50% of the patient treatment group had at least a 50% improvement in the rate of epileptic seizures. About 20% of patients with epilepsy continue to have breakthrough epileptic seizures despite best anticonvulsant treatment.”

“Safety and Side Effects - 88% of patients with epilepsy, in a European survey, reported at least one anticonvulsant related side effect. Most side effects are mild and "dose-related" and can often be avoided or minimized by the use of the smallest effective amount. Some examples include mood changes, sleepiness, or unsteadiness in gait. Some anticonvulsant medications have "idiosyncratic" side-effects that can not be predicted by dose. Some examples include drug rashes, liver toxicity (hepatitis), or aplastic anemia. Safety includes the consideration of teratogenicity (the effects of medications on fetal development) when women with epilepsy become pregnant”.

Based on the quotes of causes and effect the writer opinion is , first about the causes , the diagnosis about epilepsy is happen when the patient get suddenly attack by spontanious situation. Where each syndrom epilepsy different treatment to occur. Its called reflex epilepsy , like a patient with primary reading epilepsy must be take triggers by diagnosis or reading. The patient must be take photosensitive epilepsy to limit seizure by flashing lights. So the people who is has reflex epilepsy you can take this treatment for your health. In other case , like a children or childhood absence epilepsy usually easy to get spontanious seizure and take hyperventilation as a treatment. Actually flashing lights and hyperventilation common use in clinical EEG to help seizure , and sure its benefit to us. Shortly precipitant can facilitate people who is get emotional stress , unbalance life , sleep disturbance , alcohol , and also woman with epilepsy syndrome can influence menstrual cycle.

Sometimes at least 30% epilepsy case is known the causes , there are ‘symptomatic epilepsy’ usually cause by brain damage based on head injury or less oxygen , worried with dry brain or the brain more thin , a tumour or unbalance hormon. Some types of epilepsy causes by family , one blood. And epilepsy research UK found the solution about this problem to treatment patient with this epilepsy by genes formulation. Based on :

Dr. Kate Everret , at University College London , is trying to find what is the worst causes and why it can be happen about the genes for childhood absence.

In addition , Epilepsy Research UK held workshop , meeting , sharing , with public and follow them to know and understand epilepsy . if any people get epilepsy , or has problem with it you can share with doctor and sure this moment very benefit to us . why ? because not only share , but charities for epilepsy people , recognized by Government health and social care policy.

Medical for drug theraphy and medical scanning , is the new science for human genome , it means this way hopefully more growth and growth . because there are give us about the causes of epilepsy recent year. Sure research uk , want to this science can be help people to disolve epilepsy and also make epilepsy case be easily to solve , to finish .

Second , about the effects of epilepsy are effectiveness , the meaning of “effective” varies FDA approval common happen with 50 % of patient treatment group , they are had increase percentase of epileptic seizures at least 50 %. About the 20 % of patient epilepsy next to step new , take the anticonvulsant treatmeant.

Safety and side effect , 88% of patient with epilepsy in Europe , announce at least one acticonvulsant have related side effect. Most of them soft and related to dose. Sometimes can be decrease and solve this case with using intensive solution. Like a mood changes or unwell soul , sleep disturbance , and scare to fast walking. Some anticonvulsant medications have “idiosyncratic” about the side effect is unknown by dose. Otherwise , drugrashes , hepatitis , about the safety consist of the consideration of teratogenicity or the fetal effects of medication when epilepsy women pregnant.